Jurnal Purifikasi

EXTRACTION OF LACCASE ENZYME PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM IN RICE HUSK MEDIA FOR TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON REDUCTION

Diah Ayu Prawitasari — 2026-10-24

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) is a persistent soil contaminant that requires effective and sustainable remediation strategies. This study investigates the production and application of crude laccase enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated using rice husk as a low-cost lignocellulosic substrate for TPH reduction in contaminated soil. Fungal cultures were initially propagated on PDA medium and subsequently transferred to PDB supplemented with rice husk under controlled conditions of 30°C and pH 7. Crude laccase was extracted using phosphate buffer, and its enzymatic activity was measured spectrophotometrically using ABTS as a substrate. After 14 days of incubation, laccase activity reached 24.49 U/L, with a maximum crude enzyme yield of 37.42%. The application of 15 mL of crude laccase extract to 5 g of contaminated soil reduced TPH concentration from 10% to 4.67%, achieving a removal efficiency of 53.3%. Laccase facilitates hydrocarbon degradation through oxidation reactions, particularly targeting aromatic and phenolic compounds. These findings demonstrate the potential of rice husk as an economical substrate for fungal laccase production and support the application of crude laccase as a promising approach for sustainable soil bioremediation. Further optimization of enzyme production and treatment conditions is recommended to enhance remediation efficiency.

ANALYSIS OF CLEARIFIER SLUDGE GENERATION AND COMPRESSIBILITY AS A BASIS FOR SLUDGE REMOVAL OPTIMIZATION

Didin Solahudin — 2026-10-24

Clarifiers in Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) generate sludge through the accumulation of suspended particles and chemical coagulants, making sludge estimation essential for efficient plant operation. This study investigates the relationships between clarifier influent characteristics, sludge generation, and sludge compressibility to optimize sludge discharge operations. A quantitative experimental approach was employed by measuring turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and sludge volume through Imhoff cone sedimentation tests conducted at intervals of 10–120 minutes. Twenty samples were purposively collected
from the clarifier inlet over two weeks. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong relationship between turbidity and TSS (R² = 0.9936), expressed as TSS (mg/L) = 1.2634 × Turbidity (NTU) + 2.3212. TSS also strongly correlated with sludge volume (R² = 0.9269), following the equation Sludge Volume (mL/L) = 0.06 × TSS (mg/L) − 0.782. Sedimentation observations indicated a transition from flocculent settling to compression settling at higher TSS concentrations, resulting in reduced sludge volume due to interparticle pressure. These findings supported the development of a dynamic mathematical model of sludge accumulation and compressibility, integrated into a Microsoft Excel-based monitoring dashboard. The proposed approach provides a practical tool for estimating sludge generation, supporting sludge discharge scheduling, and improving operational control of WTP clarifiers.

APPLICATION OF A 50:50 COMBINATION OF ALUMINUM SULFATE (AL₂(SO₄)₃) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) SEED POWDER COAGULANTS ON TSS, COD, AND pH IN KARANG MUMUS RIVER WATER

Budi Nining Widarti — 2026-10-24

The Karang Mumus River in Samarinda City has experienced declining water quality due to domestic and urban activities, particularly affecting Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and pH. This study evaluates the effectiveness of aluminum sulfate and papaya seed powder, individually and in combination, in improving river water quality through laboratory-scale coagulation-flocculation using jar tests. Water samples were collected near Perniagaan Bridge, Samarinda. The results showed that aluminum sulfate at an optimum dose of 0.08 g achieved COD and TSS removal efficiencies of 54%, while papaya seed powder at 1 g achieved 91% COD removal and maintained a neutral pH. However, papaya seed powder was less effective in reducing TSS due to residual unsettled organic particles. The combination of both coagulants at a 50:50 ratio achieved the highest COD removal efficiency of 99.7%, with a final pH of 6.62, meeting the applicable pH standard. Nevertheless, the final TSS concentration of 48 mg/L remained above the regulatory limit of 40 mg/L. These findings highlight the potential of combining chemical and natural coagulants to enhance COD removal, although further optimization is required to improve TSS reduction and overall treatment performance.

EFFECTIVENESS ADSORPTION EFFECTIVENESS OF ENROFLOXACIN ANTIBIOTIC WASTE USING KOH ACTIVATED (CEIBA PENTANDRA) HULL HYDROCHAR

Mohammad Alqusairi — 2026-10-24

ABSTRACT

Environmental contamination by the antibiotic enrofloxacin has become an increasing concern due to its extensive use in veterinary medicine and the limited capability of conventional wastewater treatment processes to remove it effectively. This study investigated the adsorption performance of KOH-activated hydrochar derived from kapok peel (Ceiba pentandra) for the removal of enrofloxacin from aqueous solutions. The effects of particle size (120, 140, and 160 mesh), adsorbent dosage (0.5–2.5 g L⁻¹), initial enrofloxacin concentration (5–20 mg L⁻¹), solution pH (3–11), water matrix (deionized water, rainwater, and river water), and adsorption kinetics were systematically evaluated. The optimum adsorption performance was achieved using 120-mesh hydrochar, an adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g L⁻¹, an initial enrofloxacin concentration of 5 mg L⁻¹, pH 7, and deionized water, yielding removal efficiencies of 37.3%, 65%, 64%, 73%, and 63%, respectively. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process was better described by the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.999, qₑ = 2.33 mg g⁻¹) than by the pseudo-first-order model (R² = 0.969), indicating that chemisorption was the dominant adsorption mechanism. FTIR characterization confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (–OH), ether (C–O–C), and aromatic (C=C) functional groups on the hydrochar surface, which facilitated hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions with enrofloxacin molecules. These findings demonstrate that KOH-activated kapok peel-derived hydrochar is a promising, sustainable, and cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues from contaminated water.

PERFORMANCE OF A MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) IN THE REMOVAL OF COD, TSS, AND SURFACTANTS WASTEWATER

Reza Risanti — 2026-10-24

Laundry liquid waste contains organic materials and chemical compounds that can reduce environmental quality if not treated properly. One applicable treatment method is the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) process using Kaldnes carriers. This study aims to determine the effect of retention time and type of Kaldnes carriers on pollutant removal efficiency and to analyze the kinetic characteristics of microorganism growth on each carrier. The study was conducted using three aerobic MBBR reactors with variations of K1, K3, and K5 Kaldnes carriers. The retention time used was 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The kinetic parameters analyzed included specific growth rate (μ), biomass yield (Y), specific substrate consumption rate (q), and Monod kinetic parameters in the form of μmax and Ks. The results indicated that the optimal removal efficiency for all parameters was achieved at a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 96 hours. The highest TSS removal of 56% was observed in the reactor using Kaldnes K1 carriers, whereas the highest efficiencies for surfactant and COD were achieved in the reactor using Kaldnes K5 carriers, with 60% for surfactant and 62% for COD. The μ values in Kaldnes K1 was 0.0025 h^-1, while for both Kaldnes K3 and K5 it was 0.0027 h⁻¹. The Y values are 0.80 mg VSS/mg COD for Kaldnes K1 and K5 and 0,76 mg VSS/mg COD for Kaldnes K3. The q value for the Kaldnes K1, K3, and K5 were 0.0031 h⁻¹; 0.0035 h⁻¹; and 0.0033 h⁻¹. Based on the Monod approach for the Kaldnes K1, K3, and K5, the μmax values were 0.0035 h⁻¹; 0.0047 h⁻¹; and 0.0045 h⁻¹, while the Ks value is 239.23 mg/L; 477.85 mg/L; and 420 mg/L.