Jurnal Purifikasi

THE EFFECT OF FLOW RATE AND RESIDENCE TIME IN A BAFFLED ANAEROBIC REACTOR ON AMMONIA REDUCTIONIN SLAUGHTERHOUSES

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Slaughterhouse wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonia due to the degradation of organic compounds, which has the potential to cause environmental pollution if not properly treated. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in flow rate and hydraulic residence time on the performance of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) in reducing ammonia concentrations in slaughterhouse wastewater. The study was conducted experimentally using a laboratory-scale Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) reactor measuring 85 cm x 40 cm x 30 cm with five compartments. The reactor was operated continuously at two flow rate variations, namely 34 L/hour and 38 L hour, and two residence time variations, namely 6 hours and 12 hours. The main parameter analyzed was the ammonia (NH₃-N) concentration. The results showed that the flow rate and residence time had a significant effect on the efficiency of ammonia reduction. At a flow rate of 34 L/hour, the ammonia reduction efficiency was 55% at a residence time of 6 hours and increased to 70% at a residence time of 12 hours. Meanwhile, at a flow rate of 38 L/hour, the ammonia reduction efficiency was 48% at a residence time of 6 hours and increased to 67% at a residence time of 12 hours. The most effective operational conditions were obtained at a flow rate of 34 L/hourwith a residence time of 12 hours, which resulted in an ammonia concentration in the effluent of 22 mg N/L and met quality standards. These results indicate that the ABR reactor has the potential to be applied as an effective slaughterhouse liquid waste treatment technology with optimal flow rate and residence time settings.

UTILIZATION OF Moringa oleifera SEEDS AS A NATURAL COAGULANT IN REDUCING TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA AND Escherichia coli (E. coli) IN ANIMAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Livestock slaughterhouse wastewater has the potential to pollute the environment because it contains pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and total coliform, which are indicators of fecal contamination. This study aims to analyze the effect of varying doses of natural coagulant from moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) on the reduction of E. coli and total coliform in RPH wastewater with a settling time of 40 minutes. The method used was coagulation-flocculation with varying coagulant doses of 150 gr, 200 gr, and 250 gr, followed by a sedimentation process. Microbiological analysis was conducted to determine the number of E. coli and total coliform bacteria, with each treatment repeated three times. The results showed that increasing the dose of moringa seed coagulant affected the reduction in the number of bacteria. For the total coliform parameter, the number of bacteria decreased from 11,500 MPN/mL at a dose of 150 gr to 6,100 MPN/mL at a dose of 250 gr. Meanwhile, the number of E. coli decreased from 3,100 CFU/mL to 1,550 CFU/mL at the same dose. These results indicate that moringa seeds have the potential to be used as an effective, simple, and environmentally friendly natural coagulant in reducing pathogenic bacterial contamination in slaughterhouse wastewater.

ANALYSIS OF THE DESIGN OF A TUBE PHOTOBIOREACTOR FOR CARBON CAPTURE OF EXHAUST GAS IN SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE VEHICLES USING MICROALGAE

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

The increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from transportation significantly contributes to global warming, necessitating innovative carbon capture solutions. This study aims to analyze the exhaust gas characteristics of a single-cylinder Otto cycle engine as a basis for designing a tubular photobioreactor for carbon capture using microalgae. The research method involves stoichiometric analysis of octane (C₈H₁₈) combustion, thermodynamic calculations of exhaust gas flow rate, and mathematical modeling of photobioreactor design parameters, including volume, illumination surface area, hydraulic retention time (HRT), Reynolds number, and CO₂ mass transfer rate. The stoichiometric combustion analysis shows that 1 mol of C₈H₁₈ produces 8 mol of CO₂, which theoretically can be fully utilized in the photosynthesis process to generate 8 mol of biomass (CH₂O). The designed tubular photobioreactor has a total volume of 3.33 liters, an illumination surface area of 0.21 m², and an HRT of 300 seconds under a flow rate of 0.67 L/min. The Reynolds number of 392 indicates laminar flow conditions, with a CO₂ transfer capacity of approximately 10.5 g/hour. These results demonstrate the potential integration of internal combustion engine exhaust gas with a tubular photobioreactor system as a small-scale carbon capture approach.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECLAMATION LAND COVER BASED ON THE NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX AND VOID WATER CHARACTERISTICS AT MELAWAN PANEL 2

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Open-pit coal mining leaves post-mining pit lakes (voids) filled with rainwater and surface runoff, exhibiting complex physicochemical characteristics. This study analysed the relationship between reclamation land cover quality based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and water quality characteristics of Void Melawan Panel 2, PT Kaltim Prima Coal, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The dynamics of reclamation land cover were assessed using multitemporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2020 to 2026 and classified into four NDVI categories: non-vegetation, low vegetation, moderate vegetation, and high vegetation. Water quality was evaluated based on pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) through purposive sampling at nine monitoring points across three depth zones (surface, middle, and bottom) during both dry and rainy seasons from 2024 to 2026. Spatial analysis was conducted using QGIS, trend analysis was performed using Kendall’s tau-b, and relationships among variables were assessed using Spearman correlation. The results showed that the proportion of moderate vegetation increased significantly from 18% to 54%, while the mean NDVI increased from 0.17 to 0.27 (τ = 0.851; p < 0.05). Void water quality characteristics remained relatively stable and complied with the standards stipulated in the Indonesian Ministerial Decree of Environment No. 113 of 2003. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between NDVI and pH (r = 0.690; p < 0.001) and a strong negative relationship between NDVI and Mn (r = −0.628; p < 0.001), whereas the relationships between NDVI and TSS and between NDVI and Fe were not statistically significant. These findings indicate that the development of reclamation vegetation within the catchment area is associated with the environmental stability of the void aquatic system.

PERFORMANCE OF BIOFILTER AND WATER HYACINTH PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR LEACHATE TREATMENT

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Leachate is a significant pollutant source with the potential to cause environmental damage, particularly through soil infiltration that degrades groundwater quality. This study evaluates a treatment method combining aerobic biofilters and phytoremediation to reduce pollutant levels in leachate from the Ngipik Landfill, Gresik Regency. The treatment utilized biofilters with varying media—bioballs, plastic straws, and oyster shells—integrated with phytoremediation using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a continuous downflow system with a 24-hour retention time. Sampling was conducted from day 0 to day 3. Analysis followed standard procedures: SNI 6989.72:2009 for BOD, SM APHA 24th Ed. 2540 D (2023) for TSS, and SM APHA 24th Ed. 3112 B (2023) for Hg. The results indicate that this combined method effectively reduces pollutants, achieving maximum reduction efficiencies of 83% for BOD (bioball media), 94% for TSS (plastic straw media), and 93% for Hg across all media types.

ANALYSIS OF MICROALGAE CARBON CAPTURE IN EXHAUST GAS FROM A SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE IN A FLAT PANEL MODEL DESIGN

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from gasoline engines are one of the contributors to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Single-cylinder gasoline engines widely used in motorcycles produce exhaust gases containing CO₂ which has the potential to be used as a carbon source for microalgae. This study aims to analyze the potential for CO₂ absorption from single-cylinder gasoline engine exhaust gases using microalgae in a flat-panel photobioreactor through a mathematical modeling approach. The research method was carried out by determining engine parameters and microalgae kinetic parameters based on literature studies, then calculating exhaust gases and modeling CO₂ absorption using a mass balance, gas-liquid mass transfer, and the Monod model of microalgae growth kinetics. The calculation results show that the engine produces a CO₂ mass rate of approximately 1.545 × 10⁻³ kg/s. The analysis results indicate that microalgae have the potential to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source for biomass growth in a photobioreactor system.

DOXYCYCLINE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION USING MESOPOROUS CARBON NITRIDE (MCN) UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments has become a global concern due to its potential contribution to antimicrobial resistance and adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Photocatalysis using carbon nitride-based semiconductor materials has emerged as a promising approach for the removal of antibiotic pollutants. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Mesoporous Carbon Nitride (MCN) for the degradation of DOX under visible-light irradiation at initial concentrations of 0.5, 5, 20, and 50 mg/L. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale reactor equipped with a magnetic stirrer to maintain solution homogeneity. DOX concentration was determined using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, while ammonia (NH₃-N) analyses were performed to investigate compound transformation during the degradation process. The results demonstrated that both irradiation time and initial DOX concentration significantly influenced the degradation performance. The highest degradation efficiency was achieved at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L, reaching 36.51% after 150 min of visible-light irradiation, whereas the degradation efficiency at 20 mg/L was 12.29%. Degradation rate analysis revealed maximum values of 0.103 mg L⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 0.514 mg min⁻¹ g⁻¹ at 50 mg/L. Changes in ammonia concentration indicated that the photocatalytic process not only promoted DOX degradation but also facilitated the transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds during the reaction. Meanwhile, the apparent negative degradation efficiencies observed at 0.5 and 5 mg/L were attributed to analytical limitations associated with UV–Vis measurements at low concentrations. These findings demonstrate the potential of MCN as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.

ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION LOAD INDEX IN GISIK CEMANDI RIVER ESTUARY

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Plastic waste pollution has become a serious environmental issue in Indonesia, particularly in aquatic ecosystems where plastics degrade into microplastics. This study aims to identify the abundance, characteristics, and ecological risk of microplastics in the water and sediment of the Gisik Cemandi River Estuary, Sidoarjo. Sampling was conducted at six stations during the morning and afternoon, covering surface and mid-depth layers for water, and sediment. Microplastics were extracted using the NOAA method and observed under a stereo microscope. The results showed that microplastics were present in all samples. The abundance in water reached 339 particles/L in the morning and 356 particles/L in the afternoon. The mid-depth layer contained a higher concentration of microplastics (209 particles/L) compared to the surface layer (153 particles/L). Fibers were the most dominant shape (90-92%), while black was the most frequent color (57-60%), and the dominant size ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The ecological risk assessment using the Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated values ranging from 11.40 to 18.03 in the morning (Moderate Risk) and up to 28.98 in the afternoon (High Risk), with Station D consistently showing the highest risk levels. These findings highlight the significant influence of domestic and fishing activities on microplastic pollution in the estuary, necessitating urgent mitigation strategies.

EFFICIENCY OF SOIL WASHING IN REMOVING PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON RESIDUES

2026-06-30T08:59:51+07:00

Soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbon residues, particularly from used motor oil, requires effective and relatively simple remediation technology. This study evaluated the efficiency of pilot-scale soil washing using the non-ionic surfactant Polysorbate 80 to remove Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from artificially contaminated sandy soil. The contaminated medium was prepared by mixing commercial sand and used motor oil at a ratio of 85:15, resulting in an initial TPH concentration of 13.5039% or 135,039.42 mg/kg. Pilot-scale batch soil washing was conducted using a drum rotary agitator at 50 rpm with variations in Polysorbate 80 concentration (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%), washing time (30, 60, and 90 min), and solid/liquid ratio (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15). TPH was analyzed using a gravimetric method, and the removal efficiency was calculated based on the difference between the initial and final concentrations. The results showed that soil washing removed TPH with efficiencies ranging from 68.72% to 92.40%. The highest efficiency of 92.40% was achieved at 1.5% Polysorbate 80, a 60 min washing time, and a 1:10 solid/liquid ratio. A low surfactant concentration of 0.5% also produced a high removal efficiency, reaching 89.66% at 30 min and a 1:10 ratio. In contrast, a 2.5% surfactant concentration combined with a short washing time produced the lowest efficiency, presumably due to stable emulsion formation and mass-transfer limitations. These findings indicate that pilot-scale soil washing with Polysorbate 80 is effective in removing TPH from sandy soils, particularly under low-to-moderate surfactant concentrations and a 30–60 min contact time.

ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE MICROPLASTICS IN SCHOOL INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS IN JEMBER REGENCY

2026-06-30T09:09:19+07:00

Plastic can degrade into smaller particles ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, known as microplastics. Due to their small size, microplastics can be easily inhaled and enter the human respiratory system. The high respiratory rate and underdeveloped immune systems of children make them more vulnerable to exposure to airborne microplastics. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and abundance of airborne microplastics in school indoor environments in urban areas of Jember Regency. The study was conducted in four schools representing different educational levels, namely kindergartens and junior high schools, selected using stratified random sampling. Sampling was carried out using a passive sampling method by placing stainless-steel boxes at a height of 1.2 m for 24 hours. Sample pre-treatment included filtration using 1.2 μm filter paper, density separation using ZnCl₂ (1.6 g/cm³), and organic matter digestion using 30% H₂O₂. Microplastic abundance and characteristics were then analyzed using microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The highest microplastic density was found in Kindergarten A, reaching 2,239 particles/m²/day, followed by Junior High School C (1,143 particles/m²/day), Junior High School D (1,109 particles/m²/day), and Kindergarten B (603 particles/m²/day). Fiber-shaped microplastics were the dominant form, followed by fragments. Black-colored particles with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm were most frequently observed, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) were identified in the sample.